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Individualized medicine, health medicine, and constitutional theory in Chinese medicine

null

《医学前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第1期页码 1-7 doi: 10.1007/s11684-012-0173-y

摘要：

The patterns of modern science and changes in the medical model can result in the transformation of the current state of individualized and health medicines into being the primary trend in medical development. Chinese and Western medical systems are dissimilar in terms of value orientations, thinking style, and research directions because of their different historical and cultural backgrounds. Individualized treatment in modern medicine is mainly established based on individual genome information and the differences in mononucleotide polymorphi-sms. However, such treatment method is expensive, creates an uncertain genetic marker, and leads to different result interpretations, among other problems. The Chinese constitutional theory developed in the 1970s expresses the principle behind Chinese health medicine and individual treatment and provides the corresponding methods. The Chinese constitutional theory divides the constitution of the Chinese population into nine categories based on established classification criteria. It promotes the study of the relationship of each constitution to diseases and Chinese medicine preparation toward adjusting the constitution and preventing diseases. The theory also provides methods and tools for individualized treatment. Constitution identification shows the direction and provides the core technology for the evaluation of the health status. By combining the developments in modern biotechnology, new diagnostic techniques and treatment models of constitution-differentiation, disease-differentiation, and syndrome-differentiation can be established for the development of individualized Chinese medicine treatment and health medicine for the international medical community.

关键词： individualized medicine health medicine constitutional theory in Chinese medicine

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The fundamental theory of traditional Chinese medicine and the consideration in its research strategy

Zhenji Li, Chunbo Xu

《医学前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第2期页码 208-211 doi: 10.1007/s11684-011-0126-x

摘要： Stressing the uniqueness and complexity of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory system, this paper analyzes the characteristics of TCM as a discipline from four perspectives: scientific nature, fundamental theory, clinical practice, and pharmacological action. It suggests that when the research strategy of TCM theory is designed, the core theory of TCM should be emphasized on the theoretical research on TCM original thinking theory, TCM theory, Chinese materia medica and formulas, acupuncture and moxibustion, meridians and collaterals, and other related fields. Researchers and practitioners should ensure that the basic research on TCM theory is based on clinical practice, research methods (both traditional and contemporary) are exploited, and methodological innovation is underscored. The rule of TCM development should be followed and the characteristics and advantages of TCM carried forward. Meanwhile, the methods and theory of contemporary science and technology should be exploited to fulfill the goal of inheriting, enriching, and developing the fundamental theory of TCM.

关键词： fundamental theory traditional Chinese medicine research strategy

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Understanding channel tropism in traditional Chinese medicine in the context of systems biology

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《医学前沿（英文）》 2013年第7卷第3期页码 277-279 doi: 10.1007/s11684-013-0273-3

摘要：

Channel tropism is investigated and developed through long-term clinical practice. In recent years, the development of channel tropism theory has attracted increasing attention. This study analyzed channel tropism theory and the problems associated with it. Results showed that this theory and systems biology have a similar holistic viewpoint. Systems biology could provide novel insights and platform in the study of channel tropism. Some problems in channel tropism theory, including pharmacology and action mechanism, were investigated.

关键词： systems biology channel tropism theory traditional Chinese medicine application

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Applications of dynamical complexity theory in traditional Chinese medicine

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《医学前沿（英文）》 2014年第8卷第3期页码 279-284 doi: 10.1007/s11684-014-0367-6

摘要：

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been gradually accepted by the world. Despite its widespread use in clinical settings, a major challenge in TCM is to study it scientifically. This difficulty arises from the fact that TCM views human body as a complex dynamical system, and focuses on the balance of the human body, both internally and with its external environment. As a result, conventional tools that are based on reductionist approach are not adequate. Methods that can quantify the dynamics of complex integrative systems may bring new insights and utilities about the clinical practice and evaluation of efficacy of TCM. The dynamical complexity theory recently proposed and its computational algorithm, Multiscale Entropy (MSE) analysis, are consistent with TCM concepts. This new system level analysis has been successfully applied to many health and disease related topics in medicine. We believe that there could be many promising applications of this dynamical complexity concept in TCM. In this article, we propose some promising applications and research areas that TCM practitioners and researchers can pursue.

关键词： traditional Chinese medicine Multiscale Entropy dynamical complexity system level applications

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扁鹊传统的古今对话与反思

符友丰

《中国工程科学》 2005年第7卷第12期页码 7-16

摘要：

在采用描述性流行性学解读《史记·扁鹊传》的基础上，从宏观与微观两个方面探讨了《史记》背景资料的真伪和鼠疫流行的可能性。结合鼠疫恶寒发热、消化道与中枢神经系统等症状对中医外感热病学说、脾胃内伤学说与温疫温病等学说的影响，围绕伤寒热病与鼠疫病程的一致性，以及由此抽象而来的六经学说，从疾病流行、象数、复杂性思维路径依赖和知识考古，揭示了疫病流行对早期医学理论、原始宗教与思想文化的影响，提出医源于疫的假说，并就疫病流行与中医教育、中西医结合等问题阐述了看法。

关键词：扁鹊中医史鼠疫热病针灸中医基础理论

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Clinical research of traditional Chinese medicine in big data era

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《医学前沿（英文）》 2014年第8卷第3期页码 321-327 doi: 10.1007/s11684-014-0370-y

摘要：

With the advent of big data era, our thinking, technology and methodology are being transformed. Data-intensive scientific discovery based on big data, named “The Fourth Paradigm,” has become a new paradigm of scientific research. Along with the development and application of the Internet information technology in the field of healthcare, individual health records, clinical data of diagnosis and treatment, and genomic data have been accumulated dramatically, which generates big data in medical field for clinical research and assessment. With the support of big data, the defects and weakness may be overcome in the methodology of the conventional clinical evaluation based on sampling. Our research target shifts from the “causality inference” to “correlativity analysis.” This not only facilitates the evaluation of individualized treatment, disease prediction, prevention and prognosis, but also is suitable for the practice of preventive healthcare and symptom pattern differentiation for treatment in terms of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and for the post-marketing evaluation of Chinese patent medicines. To conduct clinical studies involved in big data in TCM domain, top level design is needed and should be performed orderly. The fundamental construction and innovation studies should be strengthened in the sections of data platform creation, data analysis technology and big-data professionals fostering and training.

关键词： big data traditional Chinese medicine clinical evaluation evidence based medicine

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Practices, challenges, and opportunities: HIV/AIDS treatment with traditional Chinese medicine in China

Jian Wang, Wen Zou

《医学前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第2期页码 123-126 doi: 10.1007/s11684-011-0124-z

摘要： Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has become widely used in the treatment of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in China in recent years. In this article, we summarize the recent major developments in human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS (HIV/AIDS) treatment with TCM. The use of TCM is associated with preventing or alleviating HIV-related symptoms, reducing treatment side effects, and improving the quality of life. The potential beneficial effects of TCM should be confirmed through extensive and rigorous trials.

关键词： HIV/AIDS traditional Chinese medicine

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Traditional Chinese medicine in the new century

Jianxiang Liu, Zhu Chen

《医学前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第2期页码 111-114 doi: 10.1007/s11684-011-0125-y

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Thinking and practice of accelerating transformation of traditional Chinese medicine from experiencemedicine to evidence-based medicine

Baoyan Liu, Yanhong Zhang, Jingqing Hu, Liyun He, Xuezhong Zhou

《医学前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第2期页码 163-170 doi: 10.1007/s11684-011-0143-9

摘要： The gradual development of Chinese medicine is based on constant accumulation and summary of experience in clinical practice, but without the benefit of undergoing the experimental medicine stage. Although Chinese medicine has formed a systematic and unique theory system through thousands of years, with the development of evidence-based medicine, the bondage of the research methods of experience medicine to Chinese medicine is appearing. The rapid transition and transformation from experience medicine to evidence-based medicine have become important content in the development of Chinese medicine. According to the features of Chinese medicine, we propose the research idea of “taking two ways simultaneously,” which is the study both in the ideal condition and in the real world. Analyzing and constructing the theoretical basis and methodology of clinical research in the real world, and building the stage for research technique is key to the effective clinical research of Chinese medicine. Only by gradually maturing and completing the clinical research methods of the real world could we realize “taking two ways simultaneously” and complementing each other, continuously produce scientific and reliable evidence of Chinese medicine, as well as transform and develop Chinese medicine from experience medicine to evidence-based medicine.

关键词： Chinese medicine experience medicine evidence-based medicine real world

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Practice and principle of traditional Chinese medicine for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19

《医学前沿（英文）》 doi: 10.1007/s11684-023-1040-8

摘要： Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has played an important role in the prevention and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic in China. The integration of Chinese and Western medicine is an important feature of Chinese COVID-19 prevention and treatment. According to a series of evidence-based studies, TCM can reduce the infection rate of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in high-risk groups. For patients with mild and moderate forms of COVID-19, TCM can relieve the related signs and symptoms, shorten the period of nucleic-acid negative conversion, and reduce conversion rate to the severe form of the disease. For COVID-19 patients with severe and critical illnesses, TCM can improve inflammatory indicators and blood oxygen saturation, shorten the hospital stay, and reduce the mortality rate. During recovery, TCM can improve patients’ symptoms, promote organ function recovery, boost the quality of patients’ life, and reduce the nucleic-acid repositive conversion rate. A series of mechanism research studies revealed that capability of TCM to treat COVID-19 through antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects, immune regulation, and protection of organ function via a multicomponent, multitarget, and multipathway approach.

关键词： traditional Chinese medicine COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 clinical evidence-based study mechanism integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine

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中医的渊源和对中医学发展的思考

王文奎,王峰,王岭

《中国工程科学》 2006年第8卷第4期页码 1-11

摘要：

传统的中医学源远流长，博大精深，疗效显著，由于种种历史原因，加之自身流派众多，传承艰难，流传至今，已不能满足现代社会的发展与要求。中医要发展，须走“医学衷中纳西”的与时俱进之路。中医自身要统一理论认识，统一辩证纲领，统一到“五脏阴阳”之中，以“三维守恒”指导辩证，要明确医学的目的，认识生命的本质和生命运动的机制；要宏观与微观相结合，整体与局部相统一，以唯象涵盖唯物，以辩证指导分析，以调为本，以平为期；要司岁备药，先法制病，对中药剂型进行改进，以适应社会发展的需要。

关键词：中医发展历程与现状衷中纳西中药剂型

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Barriers and countermeasures in developing traditional Chinese medicine in Europe

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《医学前沿（英文）》 2016年第10卷第3期页码 360-376 doi: 10.1007/s11684-016-0455-x

摘要：

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is one of the unique cultural treasures of Chinese; it represents a significant feature and prominent advantage of the healthcare cause in China. Data in this paper were from World Health Organization, Chinese Bureau of Statistics, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and PubMed. In recent years, TCM has established a solid foundation in Europe, which made great strides in legislation, education, research, and international exchange, and has enjoyed a vast development space in the continent. Now, TCM is embracing unprecedented development opportunities in Europe. At the same time, the stiff international competition poses a grave threat to China’s TCM industry. With multiple cultural, legal, and institutional challenges, as well as talent shortages in the way, TCM is now facing many difficulties in Europe. To fully prepare and enact active and vigorous steps to seize opportunities, we should have a clear picture about the serious challenges hampering TCM development in Europe. The TCM development at overseas markets has shifted from a spontaneous trade activity into a national strategy spearheaded by the government and participated in by multiple stakeholders. We should make a systematic, comprehensive, and sustainable push in fields such as TCM therapy, healthcare, education, research, culture, and industry development. The ultimate goal is to bring TCMs to the global market and allow them to play a role in safeguarding public health along with modern medicines.

关键词： traditional Chinese medicine Europe development

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中医五脏相关学说研究——从五行到五脏相关

邓铁涛,郑洪

《中国工程科学》 2008年第10卷第2期页码 7-13

摘要：

五行学说对中医学有深刻的影响，体现了传统医学重视联系、整体的特点，但五行学说本身有局限性，不能全面地反映事物间的普遍联系。中医以五脏配属五行，吸收了五行学说的精华；又根据脏腑学说的理论，在实践中超越了五行的限制。因此，中医的理论可名为“五脏相关学说”。在中医理论现代化中，可以将五脏之间的影响归纳为促进、抑制和协同3种关系，从多种角度来阐明中医的整体性与联系观。

关键词：中医脏腑学说五行

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万病归宗论

王文奎,王峰,王岭

《中国工程科学》 2008年第10卷第7期页码 39-47

摘要：

在中医原创理论的基础上，结合《易经》、《内经》和《道德经》三经思想，提出了“万病归宗”理论、“三维守恒”调控法则、“五脏阴阳”辨证纲领，以及临床治疗“双合”原则等中医创新理论体系，并研制出与之相应的两大类、五大系列、三十多种中药成药新品种的中药创新体系。用于防止疾病的发展、演变与恶化,并取得了较好的疗效。

关键词：万病归宗三经思想中医创新理论体系中药创新体系

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Protecting traditional knowledge of Chinese medicine: concepts and proposals

Changhua Liu, Man Gu

《医学前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第2期页码 212-218 doi: 10.1007/s11684-011-0142-x

摘要： With the development of the knowledge economy, knowledge has become one of the most important resources for social progress and economic development. Some countries have proposed measures for the protection of their own traditional knowledge. Traditional Chinese medicine belongs to the category of intangible cultural heritage because it is an important part of Chinese cultural heritage. Today the value of traditional knowledge of Chinese medicine has been widely recognized by the domestic and international public. This paper discusses the definition of traditional knowledge of Chinese medicine and its protection, and evaluates research on its classification. We review the present status of the protection of traditional knowledge of Chinese medicine and tentatively put forward some possible ideas and methods for the protection of traditional knowledge of Chinese medicine. Our goal is to find a way to strengthen the vitality of traditional Chinese medicine and consolidate its foundation. We believe that if we could establish a suitable ( is a Latin term meaning “of its own kind” and is often used in discussions about protecting the rights of indigenous peoples. Here we use it to emphasize the fact that protection of traditional knowledge of Chinese medicine cannot be achieved through existing legal means of protection alone due to its unique characteristics) system for traditional knowledge, a more favorable environment for the preservation and development of traditional Chinese medicine will ultimately be created.

关键词： protection of traditional knowledge traditional Chinese medicine intellectual property sui generis system